Healthy sperm: Improving your fertility. (2022). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved July 7, 2025, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/getting-pregnant/in-depth/fertility/art-20047584
Semen analysis: What is it, what’s it for, how is it done. (2024). Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved July 7, 2025, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/21520-semen-analysis
Erectile dysfunction (impotence). (2017). NHS. Retrieved July 7, 2025, from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/erection-problems-erectile-dysfunction/
Gynecomastia. (2019). Johns Hopkins Medicine. Retrieved July 7, 2025, from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/gynecomastia
Varicoceles. (2022). Urology Care Foundation. Retrieved July 7, 2025, from https://www.urologyhealth.org/urology-a-z/v/varicoceles
Leslie, S.W., Sajjad, H., & Siref, L.E. (2023). Varicocele. StatPearls Publishing. Retrieved July 7, 2025, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448113/
Venigalla, G., Ila, V., Dornbush, J., Bernstein, A., Loloi, J., Pozzi, E., Miller, D., & Ramasamy, R. (2025). Male obesity: Associated effects on fertility and the outcomes of offspring. Andrology, 13(1), 64–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.13552
Ramon, R., Warli, S. M., Rasyid, N., & Atmoko, W. (2024). Effect of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption on semen quality and hormone reproductive levels in infertile males: A systematic review and meta analysis. Pharmacia, 71, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.71.e113854
Burni, S. I., Ali Rizvi, S., Khalil, F., Asad, M., & Ali, T. S. (2022). A case report of male infertility and Gynecomastia in high altitude area: Clinical evaluation and management. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 16(3), 201-202. https://doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22163201
Boeri, L., Capogrosso, P., Ventimiglia, E., Cazzaniga, W., Pozzi, E., Belladelli, F., Pederzoli, F., Alfano, M., Abbate, C., Montanari, E., Valsecchi, L., Papaleo, E., Viganò, P., Rovere-Querini, P., Minhas, S., Montorsi, F., & Salonia, A. (2021). Testicular volume in infertile versus fertile white-European men: a case-control investigation in the real-life setting. Asian journal of andrology, 23(5), 501–509. https://doi.org/10.4103/aja.aja_93_20
Tsujimura, A., Hiramatsu, I., Nagashima, Y., Ishikawa, K., Uesaka, Y., Nozaki, T., Ogishima, T., Shirai, M., Terai, K., Kobayashi, K., & Horie, S. (2020). Erectile Dysfunction is Predictive Symptom for Poor Semen in Newlywed Men in Japan. Sexual medicine, 8(1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esxm.2019.09.005